{"id":6815,"date":"2010-11-28T06:36:11","date_gmt":"2010-11-27T18:36:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/oece.nz\/general\/ece-trained-qualified-100\/does-training-make-a-difference-for-understanding-pedagogy-the-perspectives-of-semi-trained-and-degree-qualified-teachers\/"},"modified":"2021-09-07T18:00:55","modified_gmt":"2021-09-07T06:00:55","slug":"training-maks-a-difference-pedagogy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/oece.nz\/public\/big-issues\/qualified\/training-maks-a-difference-pedagogy\/","title":{"rendered":"Early Childhood Education Training Makes a Difference to Pedagogy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Pedagogy and the Difference ECE Training Makes.
By Dr Mary Moloney. 
November 27, 2010. <\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

This article, drawn from a PhD study, explores understandings of the concept of pedagogy in the Early Childhood Care and Education sector (ECCE) in Ireland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is based upon interviews with Bachelor of Arts (B.A) early childhood graduates (10), managers (10), and practitioners (16) as well as focus group discussions (3) with childcare students undertaking basic early childhood care and education (ECCE) training.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Findings indicate that with the exception of the B.A early childhood graduates the concept of pedagogy was little understood amongst interviewees. This indicates that an understanding of pedagogy is linked to training levels and requirements, and a belief that pedagogy does not have any relevance for ECCE practitioners. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

What is Pedagogy?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Pedagogy can be defined as an interactive process between the teacher, the learner and the learning process. It is the practice, art, or craft of teaching. Early childhood pedagogy must be instructive, with the teacher skilled in the selection of appropriate techniques to facilitate learning. It is the teacher\u2019s implementation of a curriculum, through instructional and social interactions, central to which is play, hands on-learning and social interaction with the child. Within the preserve of early childhood care and education, both theory and practice are essential, creating a cycle of shaping and reshaping, where theory informs practice and practice informs and reshapes theory. It is this combination of theoretical knowledge and understanding, embedded in everyday practice that defines pedagogy within the learning environments of ECCE settings.   <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Policy and Training Context in Ireland<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Regulations<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Early Childhood Care and Education sector in Ireland <\/a>is a complex construct. On the one hand, it is governed by stringent Childcare regulations that cover such areas as the health, welfare and development of the child, behaviour, child\/adult ratios, premises and facilities, food, safety measures, facilities for rest, and play and insurance. In addition, the development of two seminal practice frameworks; S\u00edolta<\/em>: the National Quality Framework(2006), and Aistear<\/em>: the Early Childhood curriculum Framework (2009) place a significant focus upon pedagogical practices within settings, demanding much more of practitioners in terms of quality ECCE provision than ever before. On the other hand, these frameworks have not been enacted by government and their implementation is primarily dependent upon the good will of the ECCE sector. A further anomaly is, that there is no mandatory training requirement for those working in the ECCE sector in Ireland, nor is there a minimum specified level of training. This is problematic for practitioners and students and is the subject of much debate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Childcare (pre-school services) regulations, 2006, legally oblige practitioners to ensure that \u201ceach child\u2019s learning development and well being is facilitated within the daily life of the service, through the provision of the appropriate opportunities, experiences, activities, interactions, materials and equipment, having regard to the age and stage of development of the child\u2019s cultural context\u201d (Department of Health and Children, 2006). Practitioners must support the holistic development of the child. Implicit within the regulations is the need for a core body of knowledge, including child development theory, pedagogy and practice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, while demanding the highest possible standards of ECCE provision, Article 8 of the Childcare Regulations simply requires that a person carrying on a pre-school service must ensure that a sufficient number of suitable and competent adults are working directly with the children in an early childhood setting at all times. The regulations do not stipulate a minimum training requirement; rather, there is a recommendation that 50% of childcare staff hold a suitable qualification and that these staff rotate between age groupings.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Remuneration Levels<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Adding to the lacklustre approach to ECCE in Ireland is the irrefutable fact that remuneration of ECCE practitioners is extremely low. A 2008 survey, undertaken on behalf of University College Dublin, holds that salaries range from \u20ac9.27 per hour for those with up to four years experience to \u20ac10.03 for those with over ten years experience. These rates, which apply to both trained and untrained practitioners, are not much higher than the current National Minimum Wage of \u20ac8.65. It is little wonder, that the ECCE sector is characterised by a mix of graduate and post graduate qualified staff who may or may not have specialist training in working with young children, as well as those who hold a basic childcare qualification and unqualified workers with no specialist training.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Training Paths<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Even though a national minimum training standard has not been delineated at national level, there is evidence that such a standard is evolving naturally within the sector. Following the establishment of the Certifying Bodies sub group 2000, a Model Framework for Education, Training and Professional Development for Early Childhood Care and Education Practitioners\u201d <\/em>was launched in 2002. This framework, which defines agreed core values that should underpin all ECCE practice, was intended for implementation by the National Awarding Bodies (Further Education and Training Awards Council (FETAC), and Higher Education and Training Awards Council (HETAC)) whose task it is to set national standards for all qualifications in Ireland. To date, this framework has not been implemented. However, as part of the process to develop a Workforce Development Plan, the Department of Education and Skills undertook a mapping and cross referencing exercise in 2009, where they concluded that the framework is still relevant to the future development of education and training programmes so as to ensure an appropriately skilled and qualified ECCE workforce into the future.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A National Framework of Qualifications was launched in 2003. This is a system of ten levels, ranging from Level 1 awards that recognise the ability to perform basic tasks, to Level 10 awards that recognise the ability to discover and develop new knowledge and skills at the frontier of research and scholarship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"qualifications
Figure 1: National qualifications framework.
\u00a9 2003, NQAI, (Reproduced with kind permission<\/span>) <\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Although there is no mandatory training requirement for those working in the pre-school sector in Ireland, entrants generally undertake training at FETAC Level 5 or level 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At FETAC Level 5, students undertake eight modules of training of which six are mandatory; Child development; Caring for Children (0 \u2013 6); Early Childhood Education; Working in Childcare; Communication and Work experience. There are two elective modules; Arts and Crafts for childcare and Occupational First Aid. FETAC Level 5 can be undertaken over a one year or two year period. On completion of all eight modules, students are awarded FETAC Level 5 accreditation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At FETAC Level 6, students undertake four mandatory modules; Supervision in childcare; Child development; Social and legal issues in childcare and Early Childhood programmes. There are two elective modules; Information technology and Occupational First Aid. FETAC Level 6 is a one year course. On completion of all six modules students are awarded FETAC Level 6 accreditation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, a number of third level institutions offer a Batcher of Arts (B.A) in Early Childhood Care and Education including University College Cork (since 1995), Dublin Institute of Technology (since 1999) and MaryImmaculateCollege (since 2003). On completion of a four year programme of study, students are awarded a Degree in Early Childhood Care and Education. Irrespective of the level of training undertaken, whether at FETAC or HETAC level, students are required to undertake a practicum component during their training which varies between educational institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The most commonly held qualification in ECCE in Ireland is FETAC level 5. According to the DES (2008) 41% of those working in the sector held such a qualification.    <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Research Findings on Pedagogy <\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There was much confusion about the term pedagogy amongst both practitioners working within the sector and students studying at FETAC Level 5.  Of the ten childcare managers interviewed for the study, six had FETAC Level 5 accreditation, one FETAC Level 6, two held a Montessori teaching Diploma, and one a 3rd<\/sup> level degree in an unrelated discipline. Five of these managers had never heard of pedagogy. One private manager stated that she \u201cnever heard that word; I don\u2019t think it has anything to do with us really, has it?\u201d Of those who claimed to have heard or come across the term, they associated it with \u201ca kind of an educational approach\u2026maybe it\u2019s to do with Montessori or something like that\u201d (community manager 4). In terms of their own work, they articulated their uncertainty about whether the concept related to them at all. In the words of private manager 5, \u201cI know I\u2019ve come across it, but it is more for primary school\u2026it really wouldn\u2019t affect what we do here in the setting at all\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Practitioners working directly with children in settings were equally uncertain. Of sixteen practitioners interviewed, ten had FETAC Level 5 accreditation while six claimed to hold a Montessori teaching diploma. A total of thirteen practitioners had never heard of pedagogy. In two instances, it was associated with the name of a theorist. One practitioner asked \u201cpedagogy, who is he? I never heard of him\u201d while the other said \u201cI know Piaget and the other fellow but I don\u2019t know pedagogy\u201d. The remaining practitioner was unsure of its meaning other than that \u201cit has to do with educating children\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"understanding<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Likewise FETAC Level 5 and 6 students were unable to articulate their understanding of pedagogy, claiming that it \u201cprobably has to do with school\u2026with educating children, it wouldn\u2019t be something we\u2019d need to know about\u201d (FETAC 5 focus group).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This overall lack of awareness and understanding of pedagogy impacted upon practitioner\u2019s ability to describe the teaching and learning strategies utilised in early childhood settings on a daily basis. There was a total lack of awareness of the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development for instance. Although four practitioners and three managers had heard the term, they \u201c[didn\u2019t] have a clue what it\u2019s about\u201d (private practitioner 3). Equally, there was minimal awareness of the concept of scaffolding.  Only two practitioners offered a definition of scaffolding. One described it as \u201ca type of support\u201d while the other explained it in terms of \u201cstarting off at a certain level and getting more and more progressive\u201d. Although, they attempted to define scaffolding, these practitioners were unable to describe the types of supports or to provide examples of how they might have scaffolded childrens\u2019 learning within the early childhood setting. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Circle time was cited by all practitioners as the most prevalent teaching strategy utilised. It encompassed a wide range of activities including \u201creading a story to learning Irish words to asking each child a question and taking turns\u201d. In keeping with an overall emphasis on school readiness (PhD findings) within the ECCE sector, circle time helped to \u201creinforce [children\u2019s] work, letters, numbers, colours…\u201d (private practitioner 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"pedagogy\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

 <\/strong>Circle time was also seen as a \u201ctool for [children] to listen to others, to take turns, think before they speak and not to shout out an answer\u201d (community practitioner 5). Practitioners commonly allocated \u201cformal learning time\u201d dedicated to \u201cwhat we want [children] to learn; we take the lead getting them to colour in or learn their numbers and shapes\u201d (community based practitioner 1).  There was a belief that \u201cyou have to direct a lot of what they do, otherwise they won\u2019t learn\u201d, \u201cthings would be chaotic\u201d, \u201cand you wouldn\u2019t be able to control them\u201d (practitioner commentary). With the exception of circle time practitioners found it difficult to articulate other teaching methodologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B.A ECCE graduates stated that pedagogy was \u201cdrilled into us in college\u201d, and that it was \u201creally difficult to describe\u201d. None the less, they described pedagogy as the \u201csort of method that you\u2019d adopt to teach the children in your care, whether it\u2019s the Montessori method, Steiner, Froebel or whether you adopt a play based method of teaching…. not teaching but facilitating the children\u2019s learning in the early years\u201d (B.A ECCE, graduate 3). From a B.A ECCE graduate perspective, there was consensus that pedagogy was associated with both care and education.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"graduate<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the words of B.A ECCE graduate 5, pedagogy is \u201ceverything in the environment\u201d <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

It\u2019s everything from the minute children come in that door… pedagogy is not just the organised activities; it\u2019s what\u2019s happening when they\u2019re eating, its what\u2019s happening when you\u2019re speaking to them, how you respect them….that\u2019s all part of pedagogy; it\u2019s learning, it\u2019s development, it\u2019s the interactions, it\u2019s everything that\u2019s happening within the environment.<\/em>    <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pedagogy was also associated with the theory and practice \u201cnot of teaching, not in a formal sense, but it\u2019s the way that you would support children\u2019s learning and development (B.A ECCE, graduate 9). B.A ECCE graduate 4, explained how \u201creal pedagogical practice does not mean the children receive information that I am giving to them, or, follow instructions that I am giving them. Pedagogy is an approach, but it\u2019s also about a philosophy, about belief in what you are doing and in the approach that you use\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Discussion<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

As mentioned earlier, practice is underpinned by theoretical knowledge, creating a cycle of shaping and reshaping, where theory informs practice and practice informs and reshapes theory. It is this combination of theoretical knowledge embedded in everyday practice that defines pedagogy. The diverse commentaries within this article indicate that pre-school teachers with less training had little understanding of the concept of pedagogy.  Their lack of theoretical knowledge was evident within individual settings contexts where practice was observed to be pre-dominantly teacher led and didactic (PhD findings).  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the main, the concept of pedagogy was perceived in terms of formal education within primary school and as being removed from the remit of the early childhood practitioner. This is not surprising, given that the term pedagogy did not feature in ECCE documentation in Ireland, prior to 2000 and that up to 2006; the focus of the Childcare Regulations was primarily upon structural quality. It is therefore a relatively new concept.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Graduates suggested that their four year degree enabled them to build on knowledge incrementally \u201cfrom the first to the second to the third to the fourth year\u201d (B.A ECCE graduate 4). This prolonged process resulted in a \u201csolid foundation and knowledge base\u201d, that helped graduates to \u201csee why, to see the reasons behind practice\u201d (ibid). There is little doubt, that these graduates saw pedagogy as an interactive process between the practitioner, the child and the learning environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is evident that degree level training is directed towards enabling students to acquire the necessary skills and theoretical knowledge to support childrens\u2019 holistic development during the most critical period of early childhood. Their training stands them well in terms of their knowledge and understanding of pedagogy and its implications for practice within ECCE settings. As a result, B.A ECCE graduates are well placed to translate the progressive seminal practice frameworks S\u00edolta<\/em> and Aistear<\/em> into practice within settings in Ireland in order to create optimal learning experiences for young children.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The current staffing situation in Ireland is precarious. In the absence of a mandatory training requirement and in the context of the low remuneration levels for those working in the sector, there is virtually no incentive for existing practitioners to up-skill, nor is there incentive for highly trained graduates to remain in the sector indefinitely. As one graduate said:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It sounds like an awful selfish thing to say …but pay scales; I couldn\u2019t work, I know I couldn\u2019t and I know we\u2019re all used to hearing this but I didn\u2019t do four years in college to earn the minimum wage and that\u2019s the reality. I want to work in New Zealand . . . I want to experience what it feels like to work in a country where you\u2019re valued for working in the early years. I want to experience that, to feel valued.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The issue of remuneration and qualification levels within the sector in Ireland warrants serious consideration. Unfortunately, until a radical transformation of both occurs, teachers will continue to ask \u201cPedagogy, who is he? In this scenario, the real losers in Ireland are young children and parents.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Related Articles<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Moloney, M.  (2010). Professional identity in Early Childhood Care and Education: Perspectives of pre-school and infant teachers. Irish Educational Studies, 29<\/em>(2), 167 \u2013 187.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moloney, M.  (2010). Unreasonable expectations: the dilemma for pedagogues in delivering policy objectives. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 18<\/em>(2), 181 \u2013 198.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pedagogy and the Difference ECE Training Makes. By Dr Mary Moloney. November 27, 2010. This article, drawn from a PhD study, explores understandings of the concept of pedagogy in the Early Childhood Care and Education sector (ECCE) in Ireland. It is based upon interviews with Bachelor of Arts (B.A) early childhood graduates (10), managers (10), and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":6708,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164],"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nECE Training Makes a Difference to Pedagogy - Teaching Young Children<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pedagogy and the benefits of ECE training for early childhood teacher knowledge and quality of practice in early childhood education centres.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/oece.nz\/public\/big-issues\/qualified\/training-maks-a-difference-pedagogy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"ECE Training Makes a Difference for People Working with Young Children\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Pedagogy and how ECE training can make a difference for early childhood teacher knowledge and quality of practice.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/oece.nz\/public\/big-issues\/qualified\/training-maks-a-difference-pedagogy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"The Office of ECE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2010-11-27T18:36:11+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-09-07T06:00:55+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/oece.nz\/wp-content\/uploads\/girls-buggy-social-play-post.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Dr. Sarah Alexander\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:title\" content=\"ECE Training Makes a Difference for People Working with Young Children\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:description\" content=\"Whether ECE training makes a difference for early childhood teacher knowledge and quality of practice. 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